INDEPENDENT TASK
INTRODUCTION TO LINGUISTICS
Arranged by:
Ni Kadek Yulianingsih
1313042054
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND
EDUCATION
UNIVERSITY OF LAMPUNG
BANDAR LAMPUNG
2013
PREFACE
Praise be to Almighty God for the
blessings and mercy to the author that this paper can be completed on
time. This paper contains about everything that
the author have done to improve the author’s knowledge about linguistics. Author also says thanks to the Lecturer, friends, and of course to the internet that have helped in writing this
independent task. Author thinks that
this paper is not good enough and still has many mistakes so the author hopes
constructive criticism and suggestion from all.
And the last,
the author hopes this paper can be useful.
Bandar Lampung, March 10th,
2014
The
Author
Thursday, March 6th, 2014
Dear diary...
This is the first week to me to know about linguistics. For the first I
have to know what meaning of linguistics is, so I found out all about it on
internet. This is what I have got...
Linguistics is the science of language, including the sounds, words, and grammar rules.
The rules of a language, also called grammar, are learned as one acquires a
language. These rules include phonology, the sound
system, morphology, the structure of words, syntax, the combination
of words into sentences, semantics, the ways in which sounds and meanings
are related, and the lexicon, or mental dictionary of words.
That’s all that I got today. See you in the next weekJ
Friday, March 14th, 2014
Dear Diary...
This the second week to me to improve my knowledge about linguistics. This
ia what I have learned.
1. Pragmatics
Pragmatics is simply the study of meaning in
interaction, the study of the practical aspects of human action and thought and
the study of the use of linguistic signs, (words and sentences), in actual
situations.
Example:
Student A asks student B to accompany her to go to
bookstore. Student B said “I am sorry, I can not. Because I have to help my
mother to cook this afternoon.” It may mean student B want not to accompany
student A, student B refused it politely. It also may mean student B really
have to help her mother.
2. Psycholinguistics
Psycholinguistics is the study of language
and mind. Psycholinguistics is a relatively new subject of linguistics due to
the fact that it involves not only language study but pscychological aspects as
well. Psycholinguistics deals with language acquisition, language
production, human language and language omprehension.
3. Sociolinguistics
Sociolinguistis can be defined as the linguistic study
dealing with the functioning of language in society. It refers to collective
term for the applications of research techniques and findings from linguistics
and various social sciences to the study of language in society.
4. Ethnolinguistics
Ethnolinguistics (sometimes called cultural
linguistics) is a field of linguistics which studies the relationship
between language and culture, and the way different ethnic groups perceive the
world.
See youJ
Wednesday, March 18th, 2014
Dear...
This is the third meeting, I have learned about phonetics. This is what I
have learned.
Phonetics is a branch
of linguistics that comprises the study of
the sounds of human speech,
or the equivalent aspects of sign. It is concerned with the physical
properties of speech sounds or signs (phones): their physiological production, acoustic
properties, auditory perception, and neurophysiological status. Phonology, on the other hand, is concerned with
the abstract, grammatical characterization of systems of sounds or signs.
The field of phonetics
is a multilayered subject of linguistics that
focuses on speech. In the case of oral languages there are three basic areas of
study:
1. Articulatory phonetics: the study of the
production of speech sounds by the articulatory and vocal tract by the speaker.
Articulatory Phonetics concers with the articulation of speech: The position,
shape, and movement of articulators or speech organs,
such as the lips, tongue, and vocal folds.
2. Acoustic phonetics: the study of the
physical transmission of speech sounds from the speaker to the listener.
See you laterJ
Tuesday, March 25th, 2014
Hey Dear..
To improve my knowledge about linguistics, in this week I have learned
about phonology. This is the result.
Phonology is a
branch of linguistics concerned with the systematic organization of sounds in languages. It is the study of how sounds are
organized and used in natural languages. A phoneme is a
speech sound that helps us construct meaning. That is, if we replace it with
another sound (where this is possible) we get a new meaning or no meaning at
all. Diphthongs are sounds that begin as one vowel and end as
another, while gliding between them.
In phonology aslo learne about consonant cluster. There are 2 kinds of
cluster. They are Initial Consonant Cluster and Final Consonant Cluster.
1. Initial Consonant Cluster
Example: sp, pl,br,sk,
src etc (screw)
2. Final Consonant Cluster
Example:
-nt, -nd, -mp,-sks, -mpts (spend)
See you later...
Wednesday, April 2nd, 2014
Dear Diary...
For this week I have learned about morphology. This is what I have got.
Morphology is is the identification,
analysis, and description of the structure of a given language's morphemes and
other linguistic units, such as Word, Word Form, Lexeme, Morph, Bond Morph,
Root, Affix, Allomorph, Morpheme.
1. Root
Root ia a non affix
lexical morpheme that can not be analyzed in smaller parts. For example, the
root of a word ‘identification’ is ‘identify.’
2. Bound Morph
Bound morph is a
morpheme that can not stand by itself to form a word, it must be
joined to other morphemes. For example, a word ‘beauty’ is added a
bound morph ‘-full’ becomes ‘beautiful.’
3. Affix
Affix is a bound morph
which realize a lexeme and which is attached to a root to produce a word form.
For example, a word ‘believe’ if it is added 2 kindd of affixs the are ‘un’ and
‘-able’ will beomes ‘unbelievable.’
See youJ
Wednesday, April 9th, 2014
Dear diary...
This is about inflaction and derivation in morphology. This is what I have
learned.
1. Inflection is the modification of a word to express different
grammatical categories such as tense, mood, voice, aspect, person, number,
gender and case. Same derivation, inflection belongs to the bound morph and
when it is added to a word, it is not changing the category of that word.
Example:
A word
‘try’ which is added ‘-es’ become ‘tries’. The meaning of ‘try’ is not
changing, the change just happened in the subject (singular) if it is formed a
sentence.
2. Derivation is the process of forming a new word on the basis of
an existing word. It often involves the addition of a morpheme in
the form of an affix, such as -ness, un-, -ation, -full, -ly etc in the preceding examples and when a word is added an
affix it will not change the category of itself.
Example:
A noun ‘beauty’ is added
a bound morph ‘-full’ becomes an adjective ‘beautiful.’
See you, DearJ
Friday, May 16th, 2014
Dear diary...
I want to tell you that a week ago, in the class, our lecturer have teached
us about syntax especially about phrases. We was also asked to do task that is
about kind of phrase in a group. So, for this week to improve my own knowledge
about phrase I found out about it by my self. This is what I have got.
Phrase is a group of words (or sometimes
a single word) that form a constituent and so function as a single unit in the syntax of a sentence. A phrase is lower on the grammatical hierarchy
than a clause. There
are ten kinds of phrase, there are prepositional, absolute, noun,
gerund, adjective, infinitive, verb, appositive, participle and adverbial
phrase.
Now, I am a litle bit understand about it. I want to write all the meaning
of them here, but I think it is impossible so I give you an example of
appositive and prepositional phrase.
Example:
1. Mr. Agung, the most handsome
doctor in the hospital, will take care all of his patients.
The words that is marked
an underline is an appositive phrase.
2. A handsome doctor in
that operation room is my future.
The words that is marked
an underline is a prepotional phrase.
Just it that I can tell to you, see you in the next week, Dear...
Thursday, April 24th, 2014
Hay dear...
I will tell you something. I like studying about phrase, I do not know why,
but I know it is not because I am smart on it. It is just like I got a new toy
when I have to do the task given by the lecturer, it is identify the phrases in
an article. So, in this week I found two articles on internet and started to
identify it. The first article will be submitted next week, and the last one
will be described here.
The title of this article is Human Brain Need Vacation. I will
write you some phrases that I got in this articles. This is what I have got:
1. The study found 2-3 days
after the holiday people will have a rest time and a higher quality sleep, it
can even be increased to 80 percent.
A rest time, the
holidays and a higher quality sleep are noun phrases. Will
have is a verb phrase. To 80 percent is a
prepotional phrase.
2. American and French
researchers found the holidays can increase the ability to solve problems,
raise awareness of the connection is lost and to encourage people to try
something new.
American and French
researchers is a subject phrase. Can increase is a verb
phrase. To solve problems and to encourage people
to try are infinitive phrases. Awareness of the
connection and the holidays are noun phrases.
3. Researchers from the
University of Pittsburgh reported that people with serious health conditions
tend to take less time thus increasing the levels of stress hormones.
The University of
Pittsburgh, serious health conditions and the levels of
stress hormones are noun phrases. Increasing is a
gerund phrase.
4. Quality sleep can
improve memory and brain health.
Quality sleep and memory
and brain health are noun phrases. Can improve is a verb
phrase. Can improve memory and brain health is a predicate phrase.
See youJ
Wednesday, April 30th, 2014
Dear...
I’m so sorry because once again I want to talk about phrase. I just feel
curious you know based on articles that I have identified, I have not found
even a sentence that contains appositive, adverbial and absolute phrase. So, in
this week I have learned about them, found the meaning, the example and tried
to make another examples. This is the examples made by me.
Appositive Phrase
1. Mr. Jack, the most discipline
teacher in this school, is Molly’s father.
2. The red limousine, my uncle’s lovely car,
has been repairing for a week.
3. Mr. John, Molly’s father, does
not allow her to go to the party.
Adverbial Phrase
1. The woman on the stage
is dancing pretty beautifully.
2. The black car that given
for my brother two days ago is driven so slowly.
3. Jack will come home late
tomorrow night.
Absolute Phrase
1. His hand raising up, he
wants to answer the teacher’s question.
2. His hold getting tight,
John wont let her go.
3. Mary looks shame, her
cheeks getting red.
See you laterJ
Wednesday, May 7th, 2014
Dear...
After studying about phrase last week, today I have learned about
Endocentric and Exocentric construction which still relate with phrase. This is
what I have learned.
1. Endocentric Constuction
An endocentric
construction is a phrase where one of the words links the other words
syntactically. This linking words is called the ‘head,’ and if the head is
removed, the phrase is not have meaning anymore. In other word, an endocentric
construction is a phrase that can not stand alone without head. Phrases that
include to endocentric construction are absolute phrase, prepositional phrase,
participial phrase, gerund phrase and infinitive phrase.
2. Exocentric Construction
An
exocentric construction is a construction that does not contain any head element
that is capable of being a syntactically adequate substitution for the whole
construction. Phrases that included exocentric construction are non phrase,
adjective phrase, adverb phrase, verb phrase,amd appositive phrase.
See you laterJ
Wednesday, May 14th, 2014
Hay Dear...
Because I do not understand enough about Present Participial Phrase, Past
Participal Phrase and Gerund Phrase, Especially for this week I have learned
about them. I found the meaning and then try to make an example by self.
1. Present Participial Phrase and Gerund Phrase
The difference beetween
Present Participial Phrase and gerund phrase is the functions of them. A
present participial phrase functions as an adjective and a gerund phrase
functions as a noun.
Example:
a. The handsome doctor treating the patient
in that room was a student of Lampung University. ‘treating’ in this
sentence is as an adjective of ‘the handsome doctor.’ It means it is a present
participial phrase.
b. Being a professional teacher and writer
are what I really want. ‘Being a professional teacher and writer’ in this
sentence is as a noun. It means it is a gerund phrase.
2. Past Participial Phrase
Same as Present participial phrase, Past Praticipial phrase functions as an
adjective.
Example:
a. The robbers caught by the policeman
tonight was fugitive prisoner. ‘caught by the policeman tonight’ in this
sentence is as an adjective of ‘the robbers.’ It means it is a past participial
phrase.
See you laterJ
Friday, May 23rd, 2014
Dear diary...
I want to tell you that three days ago I can't attend the class because I
was sick. But my friend told me that there was syntax task that should be
worked together in a group. Because I didn't come to the class before, I have
to know first about syntax, about what we will study in syntax. So after
getting well I went to the library and found the indonesian book about syntax.
This is what I have got.
Syntax is a part of linguistics that studies sentence structure. Syntax is
not about meaning! Sentences can have no sense and still be grammatically
correct. Syntax deals with phrase and sentence formation out of words.
Sentences are made up of smaller phrases. There are several difference
types of phrase that can be used in a sentence, but the two phrases which must be
used in a sentence for it to make sense are a noun phrase and
a verb phrase. In a phrase, we must have a word
which is called the head. This is the core of the phrase, what the
phrase can’t exist without. And the determiner of the head is called modifiers.
Example:
The monkey climbed up the tree
‘Monkey’ ‘tree’ and ‘climbed’ are called the head, ‘the’ and
‘up’ are called the modifiers.
See youJ
Thursday, May 5th, 2014
Dear diary...
Because in the class the lecturer teached us just a little bit about
sentence. To fulfilling the task, in this chance I will found out more about
sentence. First, I would like to write you what the meaning of sentence is.
A sentence is the largest unit to which syntactic rules can apply. In
terms of syntactic categories, most sentences can be divided into
a subject and a predicate.
Syntax usually examines sentences that have a clear inner division into
subject and predicate. There are 3 types of subject/predicate structured
sentences:
1. A simple sentence contains at least one subject and one predicate.
Example: I read a novel.
2. A compound sentence is two or more simple sentences joined into a single sentence.
Example: I read a novel and my father read a newspaper.
Each simple sentence
maintains its own internal syntactic structure. They may be joined by a
coordinating conjunction such as and or or, or without a conjunction.
3. A complex sentence is a sentence in which one of the
syntactic roles is played by an embedded sentence.
Example: The teacher makes the students go to the library to borrow some books.
The simple sentence the student go to the library to borrow some books plays the role of object of the verb make. Because the
syntax of the two parts of a complex sentence is interwined, it is often not
possible to divide them into two free-standing simple sentences. *The
teacher makes. The students go to the library to borrow some books.*
See youJ
Wednesday, June 11th, 2014
Last week, I have learned and known about kinds of sentence. For this week,
I write you indentification of some sentences which are related with them. This
is the result.
1. The handsome doctor treating
a patient in the room was a student of Lampung University. (Complex Sentence)
Identification:
The (Art) handsome (Adj)
doctor (N) treating a patient in the room : Subject Phrase
Treating (Present
Participle) a (Art) patient (N) in the room : Present Participial Phrase
In (Prepo) the (Art)
room (N) : Prepositional Phrase
Was (V) a (Art) student
(N) of (Prepo) Lampung University (N) : Predicate Phrase
2. My brother felt asleep
after he finished studying in his room. (Compound Sentence)
Identification:
My
Brother : Subject Phrase
felt
(V) asleep (Adv) : Predicate phrase
After :
Conjunction
He (S)
Finished
(V) studying in his room : Predicate Phrase
Studying
(gerund) in his room : Gerund Phrase
In
(Prepo) his (Pronoun) room (N) : Prepositional Phrase
3. The robbers who were caught by the
policeman tonight was fugitive prisoner. (Complex Sentence)
Identification:
The (Art) robbers (n)
who were caught by the policeman tonight : Subject Phrase
The robbers : NP
Who (Conj) were caught
(VP) by the policeman tonight : Clause
By (Prepo) the (Art)
policeman (N) tonight (Adv) : Preposition Phrase
Was (V) fugitive (Adj)
prisoner (N): Predicate Phrase
Fugitive (Adj) prisoner
(N) : Noun Phrase
See YouJ
Thursday, June 19th, 2014
Dear diary...
As I have ever told to you before that in this week I have identified the
last one article to improve my knowledge about linguistics, especially phrase.
The title of this article is self-confidence. Same as before I will write
some sentences then show the phrase that I found there. This is the result:
1. Self-confidence is one
aspect of personality that is very important in human life.
Self-confidence and one of
aspect of personality are noun phrases. Very
important is an adjective phrase. In human life is a
prepositional phrase.
2. Self-confidence is a
mental or psychological condition of a person who gives a strong confidence in
him to do or perform any act.
A mental or
psychological condition of a person and strong confidence are noun
phrases. Gives a strong confidence is a predicate
phrase. In him is a prepositional phrase. To
do or perform is a infinitive phrase.
3. Counselling, life
coaching, and hypnotherapy are common therapies used to help
improve self-confidence.
Life coaching is a
gerund phrase. Common therapies is a noun phrase. Used
to help improve is an infinitive phrase.
4. Can not demonstrate the
ability to speak and the ability to listen to a convincing and too sensitive.
Can not demonstrate is a verb
phrase. The ability is a noun phrase. To
speak and to listen are infinitive phrases. Too
sensitive is an adjective phrase.
5. People who have good
self-confidence, they have positive feelings toward themselves, have strong
beliefs on him and had accurate knowledge of the capabilities.
Good
self-confidence, positive feelings, strong beliefs and knowledge
of the capabilities are noun phrases. Toward
themselves and on him are prepositional
phrases. Had accurate is a verb phrase.
Just it for this week. See you, Dear...
Sunday, June 22nd, 2014
Hay Dear...
This is the last week that I have to do my independent task. This is about
semantics as meaning of words. Let me tell you more.
Semantic as one of the branches of
pure linguistics is simply defined as the study of meaning in language. There are 7 kinds
of meaning in semantics but I will write you 4.
1. Connotative Meaning
Connotative meaning is a
meaning of a word which is based on the feeling and what people think of the
speaker.
Example:
A barbie. Based on connotative
meaning, it means pretty beautiful. A dog, it means loyalty.
2. Associative Meaning
Associative
meaning is a meaning of single word that
has relationship with something others.
Example:
White, it is identical with
pure. Green, it is identical with fresh.
3. Collocative Meaning
Collocative meaning relates by using words
in any particular situation on the same environment.
Example:
Words ‘handsome’ and ‘beautiful’ if we
want calling someone beautiful or handsome. We can not say Jack is beautiful.
Because in this case,Jack is a man so that we must replace with handsome,
beautiful is for women.
4. Affective Meaning
Affective meaning shows reaction of listener using words or sentence.
Example:
“Could you take me that pen, please!” Compares to “Take that pen to me!”
The first one is more polite than the last one.
Bye ByeJ
